| Distance (km) | Emissions class | Example of aircraft type | Cost per LTO1 | Cost per pax km (€-cent)1 | Cost per pax1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Short-haul | |||||
| 500 | Low | Bombardier CRJ900 | €120.00 | €0.33 | €1.68 |
| 500 | High | Embraer 170 | €162.00 | €0.36 | €1.80 |
| Medium-haul | |||||
| 1,500 | Low | Airbus 320 | €196.00 | €0.08 | €1.32 |
| 1,500 | High | Boeing 737 | €219.00 | €0.13 | €1.87 |
| 3,000 | Low | Airbus 320 | €260.00 | €0.06 | €1.74 |
| 3,000 | High | Boeing 737 | €290.00 | €0.08 | €2.48 |
| Long-haul | |||||
| 5,000 | Low | Airbus 340 | €595.00 | €0.04 | €2.01 |
| 5,000 | High | Boeing 777 | €987.00 | €0.05 | €2.28 |
| 15,000 | Low | Airbus 340 | €843.00 | €0.02 | €2.86 |
| 15,000 | High | Boeing 777 | €1,397.00 | €0.02 | €3.22 |
| Source: European Commission (2019), Handbook on the external costs of transport | |||||
| 1 The monetary values are adjusted to 2022 prices according to inflation | |||||
8 Cost of emissions
8.1 EUROCONTROL recommended values
The data provided in the following sub-sections shows an estimation of the cost of CO2 and other aircraft pollutants released by the combustion of aviation fuel.
8.1.1 Air pollution
According to the Handbook on the external costs of transport,[1] for air pollution costs, the marginal costs are virtually equal to the average costs. This is due to the fact that the dose-response relationships between the emissions of air pollutants and health effects are nearly linear.
8.1.2 Climate change
One of the approaches to monetise the climate change costs is to estimate the CO2 cost avoidance, in compliance with the provisions of Paris Climate Agreement. Table 8.2 provides an estimate of CO2 equivalent cost avoidance for short and medium term. It shows a low, medium and high estimate of these values.
| Low1 | Medium1 | High1 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Short and medium run (up to 2030) | €71.00 | €119.00 | €224.00 |
| Long run (from 2040 to 2060) | €185.00 | €319.00 | €590.00 |
| Source: European Commission (2019), Handbook on the external costs of transport | |||
| 1 The values are adjusted to 2022 prices according to inflation | |||
8.1.3 Other possible values
The well-to-tank emissions costs represent the costs linked to the production of all different type of energy sources, which leads to emissions and other externalities. It includes the extraction of energy, processing, transport and transmission, building of energy plants, etc. These emissions are part of the most relevant emissions when it comes to transportation.
Table 8.3 presents the estimated cost of well-to-tank emissions from aviation based on an analysis of 33 selected EU airports.
| Total cost (bn €)1 | €-cents per pkm1 | €-cents per pax1 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Short-haul (< 1,500 km) | €1.10 | €1.20 | €6.60 |
| Medium-haul (1,500 km > 5,000 km) | €2.40 | €0.80 | €14.40 |
| Long-haul (> 5,000 km) | €6.60 | €1.00 | €80.60 |
| Source: European Commission (2019), Handbook on the external costs of transport | |||
| 1 The values are adjusted to 2022 prices according to inflation | |||
Table 8.4 presents the damage cost factors used for calculation of the emissions impacts. The prices are expressed in € per kg and were adjusted to 2022 prices from 2016.
| NOx | NMVOC | SO2 | PM2.5 (exhaust) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EU27+UK | €12.90 | €1.40 | €12.90 | €23.00 |
| Source: European Commission (2019), Handbook on the external costs of transport | ||||
8.2 Further reading
Below are listed some sources that may be interesting to consult in the frame of this topic:
8.4 References
[1]
European Commission DG MOVE, “Handbook on the external costs of transport,” 2019 [Online]. Available: https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/9781f65f-8448-11ea-bf12-01aa75ed71a1
[2]
EUROCONTROL, EASA, EU, “European Aviation Environmental Report 2022,” Sep. 2022 [Online]. Available: https://www.eurocontrol.int/publication/european-aviation-environmental-report-2022
[3]
European Commission, “European Commission Climate Action.” [Online]. Available: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/ets/auctioning_en
[4]
DEFRA, Air quality damage cost update 2020. 2020 [Online]. Available: https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/library/reports?report_id=1006